The spiritual leader and socially engaged Buddhist monk Venerable Bhikkhu Sanghasena—founder and spiritual director of the Mahabodhi International Meditation Center (MIMC) in Ladakh, in India’s mountainous far north—recently issued a public statement in response to ongoing protests, hunger strikes, and petitions by Buddhist monastics, practitioners, and organizations at the Mahabodhi Temple complex in Bodh Gaya. The underlying point of contention is the marginalization of the Buddhist community’s role in managing this most sacred of sites for Buddhist pilgrimage, practice, and veneration.

The Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was commissioned by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE to commemorate the location where Shakyamuni Buddha attained liberation. Despite the site’s central role in Buddhist spiritual practice, administration of the temple has been dictated by a 1949 law that originally mandated a nine-member Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee composed of five Hindus—including a district magistrate to chair the committee—and four members of the Buddhist community.

Since 12 February, hundreds of Buddhist monastics have been fasting in protest, calling for change to the Mahabodhi Temple’s management system so that the site can be entrusted entirely to the Buddhist community, without state interference in spiritual affairs.*

Recent media reports indicate that advocates across India and around the world have cast a spotlight on the growing urgency of addressing this issue, with Buddhist communities in Cambodia, Canada, Japan, Laos, Mongolia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, the United States voicing solidarity with the protesters, even as more supporters travel from across India to join the movement in Bodh Gaya.

Ven. Bhikkhu Sanghasena is the spiritual director of the non-profit Mahabodhi International Meditation Center (MIMC) in India’s far north. He is also the founder of the Mahakaruna Foundation, the Save the Himalayas Foundation, and a spiritual advisor to the International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB). Since founding the MIMC in Leh, the joint capital of Ladakh, in 1986, he has become an exemplar of socially engaged Buddhism in the region, launching numerous humanitarian projects, programs, and initiatives. His outreach work includes providing educational opportunities and refuge for underprivileged children, empowerment and literacy programs for women and other socially disadvantaged groups, healthcare for the sick and needy, and a care home for the aged and destitute. The MIMC’s expanding campus has evolved into a hub for a multitude of socio-cultural and community programs in the region.

In addition to integrating spiritual development and human and animal welfare, Ven. Bhikkhu Sanghasena and the MIMC are also closely involved in peace-building and interfaith dialogue, environmental conservation, and in promoting Buddhist and Himalayan cultural heritage through national and international festivals. Ven. Bhikkhu Sanghasena has traveled extensively to participate international conferences, seminars, and workshops to promote spiritual and cultural values, environmental awareness, non-violence and world peace, and elevating the status of women in society—especially those from underprivileged communities.

Ven. Bhikkhu Sanghasena’s statement on the status of the Mahabodhi Temple, shared with BDG, is reproduced here in full.

The Mahabodhi Temple Management Act, 1949: A Call for Buddhist Autonomy by Bhikkhu Sanghasena

The ongoing debates surrounding the Mahabodhi Temple Management Act, 1949, underscore a deeper issue of religious representation and governance. The most sacred place for the Buddhist world, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya, holds immense significance for Buddhists globally. However, its governance structure—originally mandating a Hindu majority and later amended to equal Hindu-Buddhist representation—has long been a point of contention. Many Buddhists argue that they should have full control over the temple’s management, as is the case with other major religious sites in India and abroad. Built by Emperor Ashoka in the third century BCE, the temple faced destruction following the 12th-century invasions led by Bakhtiyar Khilji of the Ghurid dynasty.

In 1891, Anagarika Dharmapala embarked on a pilgrimage to the recently restored Mahabodhi Temple, only to be shocked by what he encountered. The temple was under the control of a Saivite priest, the Buddha’s image had been transformed into a Hindu icon, and Buddhists were barred from worshiping at their own sacred site. Deeply disturbed, Anagarika Dharmapala initiated a movement for Buddhist reclamation of the temple, leading a tireless campaign for its restoration to Buddhist hands. His relentless efforts and appeals eventually led the Government of India to form a new management committee, granting four seats to Buddhist representatives. Recognizing its immense historical, religious, and cultural significance, UNESCO designated the Mahabodhi Temple as a World Heritage Site in 2002, further cementing its status as one of the most revered Buddhist pilgrimage destinations.

The continued presence of the Hindu authorities in its administration is often justified by historical circumstances, particularly the role played by local Hindu caretakers in preserving the temple when Buddhist influence in India had waned. While this contribution is acknowledged with gratitude, Buddhism in India has witnessed a revival due to the efforts of various reformers, including Anagarika Dharmapala, Babasaheb Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, and my teacher, the Most Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita, among others. Today, Buddhists worldwide possess the capacity and resources to manage their sacred site. However, with Buddhism experiencing a resurgence, the argument that non-Buddhists should continue overseeing the temple’s administration appears increasingly outdated.

A fundamental concern is the lack of Buddhist autonomy in managing their most revered pilgrimage site. Precedents from other religious institutions in India—such as the Ram Mandir for Hindus and Jama Masjid for Muslims—clearly show that places of worship are typically governed by their respective religious communities. Given this, the demand for exclusive Buddhist control over the Mahabodhi Temple is both reasonable and justified. Recent protests, hunger strikes, and petitions by Buddhist organizations nationwide highlight the growing urgency of addressing this issue.

India, as the birthplace of Buddhism, has a unique responsibility to preserve and honor its Buddhist heritage. The call for Buddhist autonomy at the Mahabodhi Temple is not just about religious governance but also carries significant diplomatic implications. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has actively leveraged Buddhism as a key aspect of India’s diplomatic outreach, strengthening ties with Buddhist-majority nations such as Bhutan, Japan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. His participation in key Buddhist events and conferences has reinforced India’s role as a global center for Buddhist heritage.

In 2017, during his visit to Sri Lanka for the International Vesak Day celebrations, Prime Minister Modi reaffirmed India’s commitment to preserving Buddhist sites and fostering cultural exchanges. Similarly, India’s hosting of the Global Buddhist Summit 2023, along with his addresses at the International Buddhist Conclave and Dharma-Dhamma Conference, has emphasized India’s dedication to Buddhist cooperation and heritage conservation.

Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, significant investments have been made to develop Buddhist pilgrimage circuits, including Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar, and Nalanda. The inauguration of Kushinagar International Airport in 2021 was a major step to facilitate Buddhist pilgrimages, especially for travelers from Southeast Asia. India’s engagement with Mongolia, where Buddhism is a key part of national identity, has also been strengthened through cultural and religious diplomacy. Prime Minister Modi’s 2015 visit to Mongolia, the first by an Indian prime minister, signified the importance of Buddhist ties in bilateral relations. During diplomatic talks with Bhutan, Thailand, and Vietnam, Buddhist heritage has often been a central theme, reinforcing India’s position as a spiritual and cultural leader in the Buddhist world.

Given India’s diplomatic engagement with Buddhist-majority nations, ensuring Buddhist autonomy at their holiest site would reinforce India’s credibility as a protector of Buddhist heritage. A viable solution could be the repeal or amendment of the Act to grant full administrative control to Buddhists while ensuring that the historical Hindu presence in Bodh Gaya is acknowledged with due respect. Establishing a dedicated Buddhist trust or governing body, with legal safeguards against mismanagement, could provide a balanced and effective alternative to the current system. Granting full Buddhist administration of the Mahabodhi Temple, while acknowledging its shared historical legacy, would be a significant step toward fairness in religious governance, strengthening India’s cultural and diplomatic ties with Buddhist-majority nations. Addressing this long-standing concern would reinforce India’s commitment to inclusivity, religious harmony, and the preservation of its Buddhist heritage.

During my recent visit to Delhi for the inauguration of the World Peace Centre, where HE Arif Mohammad Khan, the governor of Bihar, was also present, I had the opportunity to discuss the matter with him and request his intervention. Given his stature and deep understanding of religious and cultural harmony, I am hopeful that his support will help bring this issue to the attention of the relevant authorities.

I sincerely pray and hope that the concerned authorities of the Government of India and the Bihar State Government will take cognizance of this growing issue and work toward a just and amicable resolution before it escalates further.

To address this matter effectively, a high-level committee should be constituted immediately, comprising the Honorable Minister for Minorities, Government of India, Honorable Minister Ramdas Athawale, prominent Buddhist MPs, and Buddhist leaders. This committee should engage in discussions with the Honorable Prime Minister and the Chief Minister of Bihar, ensuring that the concerns of the Buddhist community are heard and addressed with the urgency they deserve.

I have full confidence that the Honorable Prime Minister and the Chief Minister of Bihar will give this matter their earnest attention and take swift action to find a fair and lasting solution.

* Buddhist Monks Continue Hunger Strike, Seeking Full Control Over Mahabodhi Temple (BDG)

See more

Mahabodhi International Meditation Center
Mahabodhi International Meditation Centre – MIMC (Facebook)
Bhikkhu Sanghasena
Bhikkhu Sanghasena (Facebook)
Mahakaruna Foundation
Save the Himalayas Foundation
International Network of Engaged Buddhists

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